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Eventually, the correlations contained all the information, and the individual particles contained none. It was as though the particles gradually lost their individual autonomy and became pawns of the collective state.
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He found that as the particles became increasingly entangled with one another, the information that originally described them (a “1” for clockwise spin and a “0” for counterclockwise, for example) would shift to describe the system of entangled particles as a whole. Using an obscure approach to quantum mechanics that treated units of information as its basic building blocks, Lloyd spent several years studying the evolution of particles in terms of shuffling 1s and 0s. Seth Lloyd, now an MIT professor, came up with the idea that entanglement might explain the arrow of time while he was in graduate school at Cambridge University in the 1980s. The phenomenon underlies quantum computing, quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation. “Entanglement is in some sense the essence of quantum mechanics,” or the laws governing interactions on the subatomic scale, Brunner said. The two could travel light-years apart, and the spin of each would remain correlated with that of the other, a feature Albert Einstein famously described as “spooky action at a distance.” The system as a whole is in a pure state, but the state of each individual particle is “mixed” with that of its acquaintance. It might dictate, for example, that the particles spin in opposite directions. When two particles interact, they can no longer even be described by their own, independently evolving probabilities, called “pure states.” Instead, they become entangled components of a more complicated probability distribution that describes both particles together. Quantum uncertainty then gives rise to entanglement, the putative source of the arrow of time. An experimentally tested theorem by the Northern Irish physicist John Bell says there is no “true” state of the particle the probabilities are the only reality that can be ascribed to it. For example, at a particular moment, a particle might have a 50 percent chance of spinning clockwise and a 50 percent chance of spinning counterclockwise. An elementary particle lacks definite physical properties and is defined only by probabilities of being in various states. If the new line of research is correct, then the story of time’s arrow begins with the quantum mechanical idea that, deep down, nature is inherently uncertain. “If I knew more, could I reverse the event, put together all the molecules of the egg that broke? Why am I relevant?” Original story reprinted with permission from Simons Science News, an editorially independent division of whose mission is to enhance public understanding of science by covering research developments and trends in mathematics and the physical and life sciences.“In classical physics, we were struggling,” said Sandu Popescu, a professor of physics at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. By those laws, it seemed that if someone knew the paths of all the particles in the universe and flipped them around, energy would accumulate rather than disperse: Tepid coffee would spontaneously heat up, buildings would rise from their rubble and sunlight would slink back into the sun. The astronomer-philosopher Sir Arthur Eddington in 1927 cited the gradual dispersal of energy as evidence of an irreversible “arrow of time.”īut to the bafflement of generations of physicists, the arrow of time does not seem to follow from the underlying laws of physics, which work the same going forward in time as in reverse.
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Coffee cools, buildings crumble, eggs break and stars fizzle out in a universe that seems destined to degrade into a state of uniform drabness known as thermal equilibrium.